Ap Government Chapter 15 Study Guide

1. Why was the account of chastises added to the constitution? a. The framers thought a bill of goods was non necessary because the constitution spelled out the extent of the feds power. harangue claptrap blah (now at the top of page 487) In 1791 the severalizes ratified 10 amendments and the nation had a bill of rights. The BOR imposed limits on the national gov provided non on res publica gov. b. So each(prenominal) in all Im really not sure what the exact help is. Sorry bro 2. Difference betwixt civil liberties and civil rights c. Civil liberties (sometimes referred to as negative rights) are freedoms that are guaranteed to an individual.These are simmplenesss on the gov. Civil liberties confine what the administration cannot do. d. Civil rights (positive rights) are powers and privileges that are guaranteed to the individual and protect against arbitrary removal at the hands of the gov or individuals. Like the right to vote or free expression and stuff. 3. The Fi rst Amendment guarantees freedom of organized religion in two clauses e. The mental hospital clause- this prohibits laws establishing religion. f. Free function clause- which pr until nowts the giving medication from impede with the exercise of religion. g.To labourher, these ensure that the government can neither promote nor oppress religious beliefs or go fors. 4. Know where phrase Wall of separation between church and extract appears and comes from h. In 1879, the Supreme Court contended, quoting Thomas Jefferson, that the establishment clause erected a wall of separation between church and State. 5. rotter v. Kurtzman bottom of 490-491 in 1971, the salute struck mint a state chopine that would eat helped pay the salaries of teachers hired by parochial (parochial path of or relating to a church or parish) nurtures to give instruction in secular subjects. . The justices proposed a 3 prong test for determining the constitutionality of gov. programs and laws under th e establishment clause i. The must guide a secular purpose ii. Their primary election effect must not be to advance or capture religion iii. They must not entangle the government luxuriantly with religion. j. The program in Lemon v Kurtzman did not satisfy the last prong of the test. The government would have had to constantly monitory the program which would have cause and excessive entanglement with religion. 6.Engel v Vitale (bottom on 493) in 1962 the mash struck down the daily reading of a 22 word nondenominational petition in bran-new Yorks public schools. Justices stated that official state approval of prayer was an unconstitutional attempt on the part of the state to establish a religion. This stopping point drew a storm of fend that has yet to subside. k. In class I wrote down that he told us we needed to know the difference between freedom of beliefs and freedom of practice but I really dont see how that has anything to do with this court contingency.. like whate verrrr coach sybert. l.He also utter to note the true things you cant do and hide behind religion. The one we talked intimately in class was the guy with the snakes So Im clueless yet again. 7. Strict scrutiny- A neutral law that burdens the free exercise of religion is subject to strict scrutiny. This means that the law may be upheld only if the government can demonstrate that m. The law is justified by a compelling governmental interest n. The law is narrowly bespoke to achieve a legitimate goal o. The law in uncertainty is the least restrictive means for achieving that interest p.That was on page 496 and you may need to read the paragraph to understand the definition in mise en scene 8. Scheneck v U. S. (pg 498)- Charles Scheneck and his fellow defendents were convicted for attempting to disrupt WWI military recruitment by distributing leaflets claiming that drawing (conscription is enlistment for state service, typically the military) was unconstitutional. The gov turn overd that this behavior threatened public order. q. thithers supposed to be a famous quote we get out of this case but the quote is a whole colossal paragraph. Here is an excerpt from the quote iv. The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such mint and are of such nature to create a clear and fork out danger that will bring slightly the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent v. Thats known as the clear and endow danger test. Duh. r. Because the actions of the defendants were deemed to create a clear and present danger to the US at that time, the Supreme court upheld their convictions. 9. Tinker v Des Moine freelance County School District (pg 500)- involved 3 public school students who wore a black armbands to protest the Vietnam War.Principles in their school district had prohibited the have on of armbands on the ground that such conduct would provoke a ruckus the district suspended the students but the Supreme Court overturned the s uspensions. s. Justices declare for the majority that the principals had failed to show that the forbidden conduct would substansially interfere with get school discipline. t. fear or apprehension of disturbance is not enough to control the right to freedom of expression. 10.Chaplinsky v New Hampshire (500)- In 1942 Walter Chaplinksy, a manufacturing businesss Witness, convicted under a state statute for calling a city marshal a God-damned racketeer and a damned fascistic in a public place, appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld Chaplinksys conviction on the theory that fighting words do not convey ideas and thus are not subject to first amendment protection. u. bit words- words that inflict in instrument panel or tend to incite an agile breach of the peace. v. To dumb it down- he was found shamed because the things he said were not protected by the first amendment. 1. Reno v ACLU (501)- the compulsory court upheld the lower courts ruling in June 1997 by unami mously decision making a broad affirmation of free reference rights in cyberspace, joust that the Internet was more analogous (analogous means comparable) to print media than to television, and thus even indecent material on the internet was entitled to First Amendment protection. 12. New York Times v Sullivan (502)- First off you need to know that smirch is the written defamation of character. A person who believes their name and character have been harmed can sue.In this case, the supreme court declared that freedom of the press takes antecedenceat least when the defamed individual is a public official. w. The court concur that the first amendment protects the publication of all statements about the conduct of public officials, debar statements made with actual malice. x. Actual malice- with knowledge that they are false or in reckless disregard for their truth or falsity. y. 3 days later, the court extended this protection to apply to all public figures, not just governme nt officials. 13. New York Times v United States pg 504- z.Prior restraint case dealing with the pentagon papers . Supreme court doesnt believe in prior restraint although you can be punished by and by the fact. And in order for the supreme court to prevent publication they have to have a really good reason- have to prove immediate, inevitable, and irreparable harm following the publication of the documents. . First amendment offers protection against government censorship 14. Case in Louisville, Kentucky- a reporter who had researched and written an article about drug related activities was called on by a grand jury to identify masses he had seen in will power of the drugs.The reporter refused to testify, formulation that freedom of the press shielded him from this inquiry. . In a closely separate decision, the supreme court rejected his position stating that no exception is permissible to the eclipse that all citizens have a duty to give their government whatever testimony t hey are capable of giving. . He had to give up the information and some of his freedom to maintain order 15. Bong hits for Jesus. Pg 505- supreme court upheld the suspension of the boy who held up the sign at an alfresco school event. School officials may prohibit legal transfer if it could be construe as promoting an illegal drug use. 6. The 2nd amendment states A well correct militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. . If you are a shoot control advocate- you focus on the first part and your argument is that habitual citizens are not part of a militia. . If you are NOT a gun control advocate- you focus on the second part that your right to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 17. D. C. vs Heller- (federal level)- was a scrap to the strictest gun control statute in the country. It barred private possession of pistols and required trigger locks and stuff.The court formulad in a 5-4 decision that it is a constitutional right to keep a loaded handgun at home for ego defense. 18. McDonald v Chicago (state level)- this case had the aforementioned(prenominal) ruling as the first one except this one was on a state level. 19. Bill of attainder- a law that pronounces an individual guilty of a crime without a tally. 20. Most freedoms protected in the BOR directly function as limitations on the states. The changes have been achieved through the supreme courts interpretation of the delinquent physical process clause of the 14th amendment .Due process clause-nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without the delinquent(p) process of law. This clause has 2 central meanings vi. It requires the government to adhere to appropriate procedures. vii. It forbids unreasonable government action. . Under this clause you have a trial by jury available to you, if you cant afford a lawyer theyll provide you with one, etc. Not all states have the analogous number of jurors. Supreme court says minimum of 6. 21. Gideon vs Wainwright- pg 511 case made due process applicable to the states. The state must provide you with a lawyer if you cannot afford one. 2. Miranda Warnings-protects against self incrimination. comes from Miranda v Arizona 23. Exclusionary rule- Something discovered as the subject of an illegal search cannot be used in trial. Mapp vs us on 512 24. The exception is the good faith clause- U. S. vs Leon. Pg 513? 25. Griswald v Conneticut- 517 personal autonomy. Could the state twist birth control. Zone of privacy that exists because of the 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 5th amendment. . Birth control is a personal choice. 26. Rowe vs. Wade- extension of Gridwald. You should have choice on child bearing. Blah blah blah. Struck down abortion laws.Due process clause 2 FREE RESPONSE. ANSWER BOTH 1. First amendment and the freedom of speech. Freedom of speech is not absolute. Explain (or give 2 examples of) 2 limits on speech an d the related cases a. Fighting words- Chaplinsky b. Idk 2. Similar concept. Rules against illegal search and seizure and self incrimination protect your right to a due process. c. One rule regarding illegal search and seizure, and the case. Explain how that protects your due process d. One rule regarding self incrimination and the related case and explain how that protects your right to due process of law.

University of Washington Admissions

The gainsay family situation I would like to share with you is our move from Korea to the linked States. In 1989, my invigoration was changed when my family immigrated to a bracing country, hoping for a better future. My life in Korea was hopeless, because I was a failing student with non much concern in teach. I spent the majority of my time in Arcades, waste my coins on video games. Rather than studying with my friends, as I had told my parents I would, I obsessed over the games. The only positive aspect to my life was my private information processing system programming lessons.Programming in apple staple fibre presented me with an opportunity to create my own world. One day, my parents told me that we were going to move to the United States of America, and I developed a strong feeling that my life briefly would change forever. After spending eleven years in Korea, our family go a totally different environment. This I knew would be my toughest challenge to date. As a fifth grader attending a new elementary school in a new country, I felt left erupt because of my inability to communicate. Some kids assumed that I did not understand them at all, so they make rude remarks about me.I understood them, perhaps not completely, but I knew the intent of their messages. All that I had was my Apple II computer at which I just sat and programmed when I came home from school. At home, my parents pressured me to study all of the time, but I was queer and wanted to return to Korea. I wanted to go back and clack freely with my friends and play games with them. My parents often told me that they decided to move here because of the educational opportunities, yet I continued to rebel and refused to listen to what they said.Over time, my slope improved. I moved on to regular sixth grade classes around of which were challenging, but tolerable because of my teachers whom were willing to help. I always enjoyed class trips to the computer lab, where I would start programming on the computer. Other kids would start to assemblage around and treat me like a genius. Before long, I made more friends and found that I was enjoying school. Thoughts of going back to Korea faded, and my grades rose to a satisfactory level.This pleased my parents who now encouraged me to invite friends to dinner. When my friends came over, I became the adapter between my parents and my friends. Since then, I often translate for my parents in any origin where translation is needed. Talking to some adults was intimidating and sometimes embarrassing, but I felt mature and responsible. The rest of my school year went by very smoothly, and my self-confidence grew. Now I help other Korean multitude with language difficulties, helping them to understand English and Ameri idler customs.Prior to my comer to the United States, I thought everything would be nice and easy, but it did not turn out that way. Life was difficult, since I had to learn a new language, culture, and customs. One of the best things I learned was that my parents were right. This experience helped change me from a hopeless kid to a confident and responsible young adult. From this experience, I have learned that if one sets goals, works hard towards those goals, dedicates oneself to those goals, and takes advantage of opportunities presented, they can achieve anything.

Journal 1 – The Metamorphosis

The opening paragraph of this short story begins with the introduction of Gregor Samsa as a fresh transformed insect. The narrators intent in regards to this brusque stating of Gregors new sensual shape, is perhaps to convey Gregors own surprised and confused feelingings into the readers mind. The narrator jut outms to evaluate what the reader is thinlyking, as he immediately states that Gregor is transformed, and what shape he straight possesses. The narrator pushes his exposition to unfolding the exact contours of Gregors body.He takes the perspective of Gregor, facial expression down on his own body, perhaps to heighten the vividness and rude psychological shock of the first vision of his numerous legs, which were pitifully thin compared to the rest of his bulk, waved helplessly before his eyes. The reader is thus enabled, through this first-person point-of-view, to render that precise image, which inherently helps the reader better understand the effect of the innovat ion through Gregors perspective. The paragraph detailing Gregors metamorphosis is followed by a description of his mode and of his non-bug life.The reader notices that where the first paragraph was leaning towards structure and a coherent and precise description of Gregor, this paragraph seems to consist of more haphazard thoughts than anything else. Its as if Gregors mind is wandering about his room, trying to rebuild his gentlemans gentleman character, whereas the previous paragraph had completely shattered his notion of humanity. We can see in the following quote just how determined Gregor is to re-ascertain his humanity, What has happened to me? he thought. It was no dream.His room, a regular human bedroom, only rather too small, gravel quiet between the four familiar walls. Firstly, the fact that Gregor states very but that he lived in a good, human bedroom seems odd, as he feels the need to qualify the normalness of his place of residence through its human appeal, inste ad of, secern its roomy or comfortable appeal. Furthermore, the description of his room continues in its peculiarity, as Gregor feels compelled to further change integrity the mundane-ness of his room through its four familiar walls.It seems that Gregor feels further compelled to make his room normal by depicting it as being of usual dimensions, thereof the four walls, which are familiar a contrast perhaps to his newly acquired uncomfortable feeling of not belonging, of being odd hence the insect-like shape. The plain xenophobic attributes of his new character seriously conflict with the person he used to make himself be. As he states, Above the table on which a collection of cloth samples was unpacked and spread out Samsa was a mercenary message traveler ( The position he held, and assumedly still has, of being a commercial traveler would lead adept to hope that Gregor was not antisocial in any way, in fact the reader could assume that Gregor worked as a traveller becau se of his affinity with people. barely the manner in which he like a shot describes his room perhaps suggests that a deeper transformation had occurred, one that affected his dominance and his personality. Lead by hermit-like comments such as the four familiar walls, one can see that Gregor may now find sanctuary in the closeness of these walls, rather than seeking the public world of a traveller.This response is rather evident, as one could assume that any person would feel demoralized after being transformed into a huge bug. Yet where some people may be affected only carnally, this transformation seems to have affected Gregors psyche as well. Lastly, the end-description of the lady, sitting upright and attribute out to the spectator a huge fur muff into which the substantial of her forearm had vanished seems odd, as Gregors reaction to the huge fur muff someways seems detached, like it was the first time he had seen it done.Ironically, Gregor tells the reader that he had deep framed the picture and had placed it above his desk, which would lead one to believe that he had looked at the picture before hanging it. Moreover, his reaction to the fade forearm may be related to the fact that he no longer has any, which would therefore explain his shocked reaction the fact that a human is being portrayed in some light other than a normal one is both terrifying and appalling to Gregor, a notion that is explained again through his reaction to the picture, and perhaps thus to his physical state.

Psy 240 – Lesson 2 Essay

Identify the teratogens c everyplaceed in this chapter and feature defects/disorders they foot seduce. Format your response as though you were giving a legal brief prevention lecture to young married couples. Your answer should be no a few(prenominal)er than 400 words in length. We argon all sure of transmittable and hereditary itemors that may impact the wellness of the newborn frustrate. However, our exp peerlessnt to prevent genetic disorders is limited to genetic testing of p bents and antenatal diagnostic methods that send packing reveal primal warning signs of genetic defects originally hold.An separate class of factors that eject greatly influence the health and the development of a despoil atomic number 18 environmental agents. These agents are usually referred to as teratogens and allow whatever environmental agent that suffer ca spend injury during the antepartum period. remote genetic factors, the detrimental cause of the teratogens during the prenatal period and after birth are al virtually completely preventible by the parents. Most common teratogens that can impact motherliness and baby development are prescription medicine and non-prescription medicines, illegal drugs, alcoholic drinkic drink, tobacco plant, infectious disease, radiation and environmental pollutants. umpteen prescription and non-prescription drugs exert side-effects that may be harmful during the prenatal period. Even when these side-effects are not noticeable or are not affecting the mother they may be busybodied with the normal prenatal development of the baby during early and later stages of the pregnancy. For this resolve all newly-expecting women or those planning to become pregnant submit to look up with a doctor about some(prenominal) prescription drugs they may demand been taking and certainly ahead starting therapy with any new medications. legion(predicate) population consider non-prescription or over-the-counter drugs to be safe because no physicians prescription is required for their purchase. This is a common and a great deal a risky mistake. Many over-the-counter drugs and products are not classified as drugs but or else as nutritional supplements and as such dont require FDA licensing and control. In commonplace these products can be dangerous to health since their contents and action mechanism have not be adequately or scientifically tested. Their expending by pregnant or planning -to-become pregnant women can be particularly dangerous.New mothers read to consult a medical professional forward using any over-the-counter products including vitamin and mineral supplements. Another category of common products that often get overlooked but can be dangerous to prenatal development and infant health are cosmetics. Many cosmetic products pack chemicals that can be harmful to the mother and the baby. For instance, more anti-acne products and blemish-removal products contain retinol and re tinoic acid which can affect the baby during the offset trimester.The retinol based over-the-counter products, such as Retine-A cream, are similar to the prescription drug Accutane which is prohibited for use by pregnant women as it causes damage to babys eyes, brain, immune system, ears and skull. Other commonly employ beauty products can be dangerous as swell up. Some examples are lipsticks that may contain whizz, lotions and creams containing paraben, pig colors, tanning products and umpteen more. The best prevention is to avoid use of pharmaceuticals, supplements and cosmetics before and during pregnancy without consulting a doctor first.The use of illegal drugs prior to and during pregnancy and while look feeding is extremely damaging to the baby. Commonly used avenue drugs such as cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methamphetamines and their derivatives cause a multitude of prenatal development abnormalities and can cause a lasting damage to the childs corporal and mental he alth. Some of these abnormalities include low birth weight, respiratory and cardiac difficulties, vision and hearing problems, metabolic abnormalities, premature birth and can cause death during or shortly after birth.Damage to the offensive system is particularly evident among illicit-drugs affected newborns and they are usually irritable, exhibit neurotic rank and often have lasting cognitive and social development difficulties and behavioral problems. The use of cocaine, heroin, methamphetamines and other so called heavy drugs, pre- and, during pregnancy and while breast feeding is especially dangerous as it causes the drug addiction of the newborn.The maternal use of marijuana causes a multitude of bodily and psychological problems to the newborn including low birth weight, brain development abnormalities, depression and tuition difficulties. though it can not be linked to the inherited drug-addiction of the newborn, the use of street drugs by a father has been linked to a multitude of genetic diseases transferred to the off-spring. Though the exact modalities have not yet been determined for each drug, it is certain that use of drugs by a father causes mutations of the enate desoxyribonucleic acid and therefore impacts the genotype of the baby.Persons with drug addiction problems planning to start a family should consult a medical professional well ahead of worthy pregnant to plan a course of action to cease the drug abuse and limit its damaging effects on the baby as well as parents. Already pregnant women with drug abuse problems need to contact the doctor as soon as realistic to tax the risk and plan the best course of action needed. Alcohol habit is one of the most damaging factors to a goodly pregnancy and birth. Mistakenly, most people consider social drinking, a consumption of one to two drinks daily or few time per week, to not be damaging to health.Though some evidence exists that a low or admit consumption of alcohol can be benefic ial to cardiovascular health, it is well realized that even small substances of alcohol during pregnancy can be detrimental to the prenatal development of the child. Alcohol causes a variety of prenatal development abnormalities jointly referred to as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). The FAS manifests itself in recognisable cranio-facial morphological deformities such as widely spaced eyes, a issue upper lip, small upward pointing nose, short eye-lid openings and a small head.The boilersuit growth of the child is slowed. Furthermore, FAS causes a multitude of mental abnormalities such as attention, memory and language deficits, hyperactivity and abnormal motor skills and coordination. It has been established that these abnormalities result from the damaging effects of alcohol on neuron development in the early phases of pregnancy. Due to the overexpendature of oxygen by mothers body during alcohol metabolism, the fetus is often oxygen deprived which further contributes to developmen t of the above mentioned health problems.Though the amount of alcohol consumed during pregnancy determines the extent of the damage caused, even small amounts of alcohol consumed can cause some of the symptoms listed. This milder form of FAS is referred to as fetal alcohol effects (FAE) and is evenly bear oning. Similarly to illegal drugs use, a link had been established between consumption of alcohol by a father and the mutations it causes to the paternal DNA which leads to multiple genetic defects of the offspring. All couples planning to bear children should parry all alcohol consumption well ahead of the time of pregnancy.Those with alcohol dependency should seek professional help in quitting drinking as alcoholism is a disease and requires a complex approach to physical and psychological issues that are causing it. The damaging effects of smoking on homosexual health are well haven but wide number of child-bearing aged women still use tobacco regularly. The use of tobacco before, during and after the pregnancy has been linked to a multitude of infant health problems during the prenatal period and childhood. The tobacco using women are at a high risk of spontaneous abortion during pregnancy.It is a well known fact that nicotine, which is a vasoconstrictor, prevents an adequate blood flow to the uterus and causes defects to the placenta. In turn, the mass meeting of the nutrients between a mother and the baby is disturbed resulting in fetal malnutrition and low birth weight. As we know, low birth weight is a main predictor of the physical and mental developmental difficulties of the child. Nicotine affected babies are often born prematurely and exhibit cardiac and respiratory problems such as arrhythmia, asthma, sleep apnea, and are at a higher risk of developing cancer during childhood.The rate of infant death is also higher among this population of newborns. Even if physical health problems are not obvious, numerous nicotine-exposed babies displa y a certain degree of behavioral problems during their development. These can run from diminished sensory response, such as that to a sound, through with(predicate) over stimulation by touch and vision to a multitude of learning impairments. The best prevention to the nicotine-exposure health related issues is quitting smoking well before neat pregnant.Even quitting smoking during pregnancy will greatly reduce the health risks to the baby. Joint quitting of smoking by both parents is usually the most prospered approach as partners are able to support each other during this difficult endeavor. Exposure to the bite hand smoke during pregnancy is equally as damaging to both mother and the baby. Again, quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to the second hand smoke will not only protect the child but also improve the health of the parents in the long run.All sexually active persons need to regularly undergo testing for sexually genetic diseases (STDs). Prevention of, and regular t esting for, STDs shows not only a guardianship about personal health but also a prudent approach to protecting the health of the partner and especially the health of the children the kind may result in. Many STDs and infectious diseases are easily transferred during designing and from the mother to the embryo during this critical period of prenatal development. Many of these infections can cause serious and long-term defects to the fetus as well.Common birth defects caused by infection transmission during pregnancy include mental retardation, cardiac, respiratory and digestive system problems, vision and hearing damage and multitude of other conditions. iodine of the most dangerous STDs transferred from an infected mother to a baby is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which causes AIDS. The HIV-infected babies develop symptoms of AIDS much faster than adults. The disease advancement can be as rapid as a few months after birth with most ill babies dying within first 5-8 months after birth.Women aware of their HIV positive status should consult with the specializer if planning on becoming pregnant to asses risk and discuss possible prophylactic methods that can be employed to prevent transmission. Couples and individuals planning on pregnancy should test for infectious diseases before conception and address any concerns they may have with a health care professional. In the shift of HIV, many newly-developed anti-retro viral therapies can prevent the risk of transmission onto baby by as much as 95%.Other infectious diseases that should be of concern when planning pregnancy or when pregnant are herpes, hepatitis, rubella, toxoplasmosis, syphilis, and so on Exhaustive testing for infectious diseases by both parents performed by a specialist is the best prevention of pregnancy complications and transmission to the newborn. Another teratogen that is of concern when evaluating the prenatal health is radiation. Though not as commonly encountered as other tera togens, radiation can be as devastating to the prenatal and postnatal development of the child.Exposure to radiation during pregnancy often leads to a miscarriage or birth defects such as physical deformities, central nervous system abnormalities, slow growth as well as a multitude of learning and emotional problems. Pregnant women and those planning on becoming pregnant should avoid exposure to radiation such as occupational exposure, for example radiology technicians, or medical exposure such as during exams with x-rays and other radioactive agents. Men should avoid exposure to radiation as well, as radioactive agents can cause mutations of the paternal DNA which can lead to birth defects of the offspring.Any concerns about possible radiation exposure need to be addressed with a medical professional as many methods are available to prevent and limit the damaging effects of radiation. environmental pollution is probably a teratogen that is the hardest to avoid or prevent. As we kno w our ecosystem, be it the air, the land or the water, is heavily polluted with many agents and has lead to an increase of cancers, respiratory, neurological, hereditary and many other diseases in human population. Unfortunately, environmental pollutants affect humans from our early eld of prenatal development.One of the main ways babies get exposed to this teratogen is through the nutrient exchange during the prenatal development. The pollutants transferred through these means include mercury and other heavy metals found in contaminated food and water. The exposure to heavy metals during the prenatal development has been implicate with causing a multitude of abnormalities of the nervous system and psychological disorders. Many toxins commonly found in the products for everyday use cause many metabolic, immunity and respiratory disorders that have a long lasting effects on the health of the newborn.Environmental pollution is directly linked with childhood cancers as well as hered itary predisposition for cancer development. Some of the measures that can be taken during pregnancy to minimize the damaging effects of this teratogen include limiting the consumption of large predatory fish, such as pink-orange and tuna, which are often high in their mercury content, avoiding antibiotics and steroids contaminated meats as well as pesticide treated fruits and vegetables.Staying indoors and using air-filtration systems during high air-pollution days can prevent exposure to carbon monoxide and combustion byproduct gases. The use of industrial and chemical cleaning agents and chemicals should be avoided or limited to a minimum. As we can see there are many teratogens we are exposed to daily and though they damage our health it is especially frighten to think of the effects they have on the health of our unborn babies.Though these concerns are valid they should not stand in the way of enjoying the pregnancy, child birth and child rearing as the most pleasant and enric hing experience of the lifetime. As we have learned most of the damaging effects of teratogens can be avoided and prevented through education, being aware of the risk factors and being proactive in taking steps to avoid the exposure and damage by practicing healthy living habits and seeking help when needed.

East-Midland English

A project in theoretical phonetics of side Shcherbakova Natalia, classify 01 Contents 1. Introduction 2. incline in einsteinium Midlands 1. Vowels 2. Consonants 3. Word c memorializeing 4. Sentence rhythm and intonation 3. Conclusion 4. List of references Introduction easterly Midlands, general facts The tocopherol Midlands, in its b passagewayest sense, is the eastern part of central England (and thus part of the United Kingdom as well).The east Midlands covers three study landscape atomic number 18as The relatively flat coastal plain of Lincolnshire, the river valley of the Trent, the thirdly largest (and longest) river in England, and the southern end of the Pennine range of hills in Derbyshire. The second of these contains several(prenominal) large cities Nottingham, Leicester, Derby and Doncaster, historically centres based around coal mine and heavy industry. This is one of the drier fields of England. ?The due east-Midland style is very interesting. The northern move of its emphasis ara were as well as an area of heavy S kindledinavian settlement, so that northern East-Midland Middle side of meat shows the identical kinds of rapid development as its Federal neighbor. But the sub vernacular boundaries within East-Midland were far from static the much north variety spread steadily southward, extending the influence of Scandinavianized English long by and by on the Scandinavian population had been totally assimilated.In the 13th century this part of England, in particular Norfolk and Suffolk, began to outstrip the rest of the orbit in prosperity and population because of the duty of its agriculture, and crucially increasing numbers of well-to-do speakers of East-Midland began to move to capital of the United Kingdom, bringing their idiom with them. ? By the second half of the 14th century the dialect of capital of the United Kingdom and the area immediately to the northeast, which had once been Kentish, was thoroughly East-Mi dland, and a rather Scandinavianized East Midland at that.Since the London dialect steadily gained in prestigiousness from that period on and began to develop into a literary standard, the northern, Scandinavianized variety of East-Midland became the alkali of standard Modern English. For that reason, East-Midland is by far the most important dialect of Middle English for the subsequent development of the language. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The English written and talk today owes its origins to a mix of the East Midlands and London dialects. The East Midlands dialect was important because it came from the centre of the country and was intelligible to most mint.Great numbers of traders, pilgrims and others passed through towns such as Leicester and Nottingham. During the 13th and 14th centuries, large numbers of East Midlanders migrated to London, in turn influencing the standard form of English The East Midlands dialect was a mixture of English and Scandinavian, with a smattering of French . The impact of the Vikings can still be seen today in our version of English that was innate(p) on the borders of Mercia and Danelaw. As Dr Elaine Treharne from Leicester University points out, It is fair to say that the Queens English has its roots in the towns of the Midlands as much as the palaces of Whitehall 1) Fading of old traditions and huge shiftsin how we. reveal globally. Much of the dialect developed in rural communities and in the industrial heartlands of the region. Mining communities in Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire were renowned for their use of dialect. At a time when regions are losing some of their traditional dialect, the East Midlands is keen to retain its cultural identity and linguistic style. Although some actors line are dying out, East Midlanders are keen to celebrate their local language 2) 3) ? ? Examples of pronunciation ? ? ? ? In Leicester, words with short vowels such as up and detain make up a northern pronunciation, whereas wo rds with vowels such as down and road intelligent rather more analogous a south-eastern evince. The vowel sound at the end of words like border (and the name of the city) is in addition a typical feature. In north Nottinghamshire ee found in short words is enounce as two syllables, for example feet universe , sounding like fee-yut (and also in this case ending with a glottal stop). Lincolnshire also has a marked north south disunited in terms of accent.The north shares many features with Yorkshire, such as the outdoors a sound in car and park or the surrogate of take and make with tek and mek. The south of Lincolnshire is close to Received Pronunciation, although it still has a short Northern a in words such as bath. In Northamptonshire, crossed by the North-South isogloss, residents of the north of the county have an accent comparable to that of Leicestershire and those in the south an accent similar to rural Oxfordshire. The town of Corby in northern Northamptonshire h as an accent with some originally Scottish features, apparently collectible to immigration of Scottish steelworkers.It is common in Corby for the GOAT set of words to be pronounced with . This pronunciation is used across Scotland and most of Northern England, but Corby is alone in the Midlands in using it ? East Midlands accents are generally non-rhotic, instead drawing out their vowels, resulting in the Midlands Drawl, which can to non-natives be mistaken for dry sarcasm. Old and cold whitethorn be pronounced as owd and cowd (rhyming with loud in the West Midlands and ode in the East Midlands), and in the northern Midlands home can become wom.The West Midlands accent is a great deal described as having a pronounced nasal quality, the East Midlands accent much less so. ? ? Next ? As in the North, Midlands accents generally do not use a broad A, so that cast is pronounced rather than the pronunciation of most southern accents. The northern limit of the in many words crosses Englan d from mid-Shropshire to The Wash, passing just south of Birmingham. ? Midlands speech also generally uses the northern short U, so putt is pronounced the same as put.The southern limit of this pronunciation also crosses from mid-Shropshire to the Wash, but dipping still south to the northern part of Oxfordshire. Next Other features of Derbyshire dialect are 1) the use of words like thee and thou 2) the shortening of words for more economical speech 3) the use of very unusual words like scratin (crying) deriving from old Norse or Viking The dialect of the East Midlands has been investigated in notable texts such as the affectionately titled Ey Up Mi Duck series of books by Richard Scollins and John Titford.These books were originally intended as a study of Derbyshire Dialect, particularly the distinctive speech of Ilkeston and the Erewash valley, but later editions acknowledge similarities in vocabulary and grammar which unite the East Midlands dialects and broadened their appeal t o the region as a whole. Ey Up ( a good deal spelt ayup / eyup) is a greeting model to be of Old Norse origin (se upp) used widely end-to-end the North Midlands and South Yorkshire, and Mi Duck is thought to be derived from a respectful Anglo Saxon form of address, Duka (Literally Duke), and is unrelated to waterfowl.Nonnatives of the East Midlands are often surprised to hear men greet each other as Mi Duck. I, the man with the red scarf, Will give thee what I have, this last weeks earnings. Take them and buy thee a silver ring And wed me, to rest precipitatet my yearnings. For the rest when thou art wedded Ill wet my brow for thee With sweat, Ill enter a house for thy sake, Thou shalt shut doors on me. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Ay (or ey) up mi duck hello there Aya gorra weeya? is the wife with you?Its black uvver Bills mothers it looks like rain Coggie swimming costume Croaker doctor Ducks necks bottle of lemonade Gorra bag on in a bad mood Laropped drunk Nesh cold Old riffle friend or mate Page owl single adult female out alone at night Skants pants The rally the railroad line line Thiz summat up wee im I think he may be ill Whos mashing? whos making the cups of tea CONCLUSION East Midlands English is a dialect traditionally spoken in Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Rutland and Northamptonshire.It came from the centre of the country and was intelligible to most people. It includes special pronunciation, grammatical rules and has variations within the political region. East Midlands takes great pride in its distinctive dialect. In Lincolnshire local people are going back to the classroom to reclaim their linguistic roots. The English written and spoken today owes its origins to a mix of the East Midlands and London dialects. They have a lot of common and it is really hard to distinctive one dialect from another without knowing peculiarities of both dialects.LIST OF REFERENCES & EXTERNAL link up Wiki Travel (2012) England, East Midlands (http//wikitravel. org/en/East_Midlands) Penn Department of Linguistics Dialects of Middle English (http//www. ling. upenn. edu/) Peter Gill (2009) Dialect Poems (http//dspace. dial. pipex. com/) BBC Inside Out (2005) Dialects and accents (http//www. bbc. co. uk/) Bell M. (1996). statement pronunciation and intonation to E. F. L. learners in Korea. Retrieved on 14 October, 2004. p. 255 Tutorgipedia English language in England (http//www. tutorgigpedia. com)

Why Understanding Learning Style Is Useful Education Essay

Harmonizing to deargonst ( 2006 ) define larning mien is a method through which pupils use to get the hang his or her information stylus, by believing and to work verboten(a)ing jobs. It is excessively called orientations or approaches to larning. Honey ( 2006 ) identified four distinguish adequate to(p) larning manners such as atomic number 18 Activist, Theorist, Pragmatist and Reflector. Persons use these four att ainment attacks to larn.Learning is really indispensable for purport it is the key and it reinforces boththing. Learning is formal every bit sizable as informal and a procedure every bit good as an result. It is witting and unconscious. We learn because we want to larn. Reece and Walker ( 2002 ) stated that as a pupil, you should hold the competency and the cognition to use all your accomplishment in conventionalism and be able to analyze and measure the service exploiter nursing attention comprehensively. For scholars to derive understanding and cognitio n they need to learn and understand what was taught.In add-on a construct of larning manner is employ to depict plenty s differences by which they learn. Each person subscribe to method to absorb and treat experiences every bit good as information. Learning manners has become of import for persons, pedagogues, p arnts companies and to understand the good attainment environment allows persons differences. For illustration, research workers slang suggested that one s larning environment affects the pupils ordinary presentation with respects to the consistence with their encyclopaedism penchants.Learning manner is a method through which pupils use to get the hang his or her knowledge manner, by believing and to work give awaying jobs. It is besides called orientations or approaches to larning. Kolb ( 1984 ) and Bastable ( 2003 ) , many(prenominal) agreed in their statement that larning manners should non be perceived as fixed personality traits but as adaptative. Students hurt their peculiar manner of acquisition and go forth larn best when in that location is a kind of larning chances which will enable them to larn in their ain manner. Hence, the pupil will be observed for whatever alterations to find if any acquisition has interpreted topographic channel utilizing brooding, observation, concrete experience, secondive experimentation and abstract conceptualization. They apprize get down at any phase and are regular ( McgiII & A Beaty, 1995 ) . Harmonizing to Honey and Mumford ( 1998 ) , learner s manner of larning will act upon instructor s instruction method.However, as a pupil soak up cognizing my acquisition manners will enable me to derive assurance as an grownup scholar. Understanding my learning manner will support me to hump how to travel to the highest degree my acquisition methods. Knowing my acquisition manner has besides helped me to be in the right environment which is suited for my acquisition. Students have their amus ing ways of acquisition manners and will larn best when there is a assortment of larning chances which will enable them to larn in their ain manner. Hence, the pupil will be observed for any alterations to find if any acquisition has taken topographic point utilizing brooding, observation, concrete experience, active experimentation and abstract conceptualization.Moreso, it is utile for me to understand my acquisition manner because this will assist me to cognize how to apply my class surveies and every bit good as being able to understand how to utilize my larning manner to measure the uncomplaining s demands and support. It is utile for pupil nurse because it helps them pass on with their unhurried in the best manner the patient can understand every bit good as utilizing it to reply, get cognition and accomplishments on how to make my surveies.On the manus, my learning manner was confirmed following the completion of an visit questionnaire Honey ( 2006 ) . My learning manner i s a reflector. Reflector are cagey people and thoughtful people who into esteem all possible angles, synthesis to jump with taking any action I.e. They search many variant positions. They are people who homogeneous to detect people and listen to what they have to state before they come to decision. I learn by detecting. I ever listen to people when they are talking to cognize what they are stating before coming to a decision. An illustration is when we have group activities in our talks or seminars, I normally listen to the thoughts of others first before I come up to thoughts of my ain. In my old topographic point of pattern were I did my arrangement, I observed nurses when they are making some undertaking uniform the readying for giving terminal injection. Before they begin the disposal, the two nurses foremost of all did some observations by look intoing the expiring mean solar day of the month, name of the client, day of the month of birth, the path, clip, and they bes ides checked the medical strong point cabinet temperature and it was recorded in the book where they do enter it. The inclined(p) the injection, ready to be given. And both of them signed the book. The nurse put on baseball mitts this to avoid cross taint. Then after the injection was given, the acerate leaf was disposed in the crisp box.However, my weaker manner is activist, militant are people who engages themselves in batch of activities. They try to experiment. They neer think about effects before the act. As this is my weaker manner of acquisition, I will be affecting myself in a batch of activity because pattern makes perfect. I will besides seek to do instant determinations, inquire to be given group activities in category and be unfastened to bare-ass experiences.Further much, I will develop my weaker manner of acquisition by crook offing my clip efficaciously. I would seek to cut down the clock I invest in thought and reflecting utilizing it more to seek out practical things such as inquiring that I give patients the intravenous out in pattern as opposed to watching and reflecting on the effects that could go on if I was given to make it. This manner I would be able to larn with people of different acquisition manners and be a batch more flexible both in pattern and in schoolroom activities. Like what I mentioned above, pattern makes perfect, hence I need to larn how be much more confident on prosecuting myself in activities that are more hands-on.Militant, are persons who involves themselves in a batch of activities. They are unfastened to seek out impudent-made experiences. They think of the effects of their action after they have already carried out the action in tonss of activities. They are unfastened to seek out new experiences the think of the effects after they have already carried out the action. They like to be the Centre of the activity.Harmonizing to Kolb ( 1984 ) , scholars learn better when the topic affair is presented in a mann er consistent with their preferable acquisition manner. Theorist, are ordered people, they think through everything before the act. They are more like perfectionist who analyse and synthesise. They are more on the non unverifiable side than on the subjective side. They reject anything non-logical and they maximise certainty. Pragmatists are people who open to seeking out thoughts and experimenting. They are down to earth people who act fast and confidently on any thought they come across. They are job convergent thinkers that make practical determinations. They take every job as a challenge. Reflectors are cautious people and thoughtful people who take into consideration all possible angles, deductions before taking any action. For illustration they explore many different positions. They are people who like to detect people and listen to what they have to state before they come to a decision.Kolb s acquisition distinguishes four acquisition manners which are perceivers, minds, dec iders and actors. Each of these has strong point and failing. It is of import that pupils become more cognizant of their learning strengths and work on their failing. Perceivers are people who beliefs in existent event of life they like listening to other peoples experiences and travel back to believe about it. They are speculative scholars desiring to cognize how to use it in their acquisition.The methodological analysis use in collating the grounds for set uping my acquisition through the questionnaire we completed is called qualitative method. However, the literature reappraisal provided me a secondary method in collating further grounds of what is already known in the field.In decision, I have learned a batch from larning manners and every bit good as deriving cognition and accomplishments. I recognised the different types of acquisition manners and cognizing my ain method of larning. In the hereafter being able to understand my single acquisition manner will let me to be able to reassign the cognition acquired in a schoolroom film to pattern. This will profit my experience as a pupil nurse.

Mongolia’s Karakorum

The antediluvian patriarch urban gist of Karakorum in the 13th century jibe to business relationship and archaeological records was the seat and the imperial capital of the Mongol empire of Genghis (or Chinggis) caravan inn. It is located in the Ovohangai Mongolia, contiguous the Orhon River and Mount Otuken according to Haw (2006, 32). The metropolis was embeded and erected by Genghis Khan himself in 1220 to serve as the seat of his capacious Mongol Empire and non only served as the administrative center but a major cultural link among the vitamin E and the westerly United States. Before the 13th century, the area almost Karakorum particularly Karabalghasun used to be the seat of the Uyghurs who needed a permanent fortified capital to gunstock resources extorted from China in 750-757.Ideally, this place was the best choice because the Turks and the Mongols considered the surrounding lands as sacred. After the Uyghurs were finished in 840 by the Khirgiz the region w as transformed from a Turkish heartland to a Mongol land. The Khirgiz federal agency was however centered on the Yenisei River to the North which was how the area around Mt. Outuken and Karakorum faded into oblivion according to Findley (2005, 49). geographically Karakorum also lies in the northwestern corner of the vrkhangai Province of Mongolia, near todays town of Kharkhorin.This region is surrounded by cultivatable land making the soil generally soft and ideal for put after the annual flooding according to Morgan (1986, 87). The land is also tributary to grazing which is extremely acceptable and desirable to a nomadic kindred who relied on horses to travel faster to fara federal agency lands. Present day Mongolia has discovered the ruins of the vast city of Karakorum in an area which was suitable for both crops and lineage and which possessed very old-established mining deposits Morgan(1986, 46).As a major geographic route in the Middle Ages, Karakorum is also a saddle b etween two mountains and a river and considered a relatively easy passage to the east which was how Genghis must have envisioned his central empire. When the Mongols reunited the steppe tribes, they created the largest land-based empire in history interlinking Europe and Asia under(a) Genghis Khan in McCannon (2006, 143). However, prior to their expansion, the Mongols did not have a sophisticated society and proved adept at cultural borrowing as cerebrate in McCannon (2006, 144).History has related how the Mongols behaved like barbarians without any regard for personal care and clothing. As warriors, a nomadic life best suited them and anything that could slow their journey to the adjoining city they could conquer is avoided. However Kwantes revealed that the Mongols massive journey and conquests into other lands awoke them to goods they had never seen (2005, 57). Khan and his men learned to appreciate the beautiful silk, delicious feed and exotic items pillaged and gathered fro m other places (Kwantes, 57). They began to slowly learn roughly other peoples culture which changed their way of lives.Genghis Khans advisers told him once, thou has conquered great empire in the saddle thou cannot predominate it so, (Kwantes 58). Clearly this advisor understood that Khans nomadic way of life could not continue when vast lands and goods were acquired without a central administration devised to rule for such a grown empire. Understanding the need for persistence of the Mongol rule, Genghis Khan now growing older changed the Mongols nomadic life and decided to establish Karakorum as his headquarters because of its handiness and spiritual history (Kwantes, 57).In its prime Karakorum served not only as the administrative centre of the Mongolian Empire, but also as a major trade and cultural link between East and West in Haw, (2006, 32). The Mongols soon imposed a single political authority, boost economic exchange and made travel conditions safer according to McCa nnon (2006, 144). They began to established cities around their territories and made crucial economic centers passable for merchants, missionaries and travelers of all profession (McCannon, 144).Genghis Khan desired for his people to learn which is why foreign visitors were encouraged and welcomed so the Mongols could gather knowledge from the foreigners about cultures uncommon to them. Morgan once said that the Mongols were unbiased and uncultured who did not know how to write (1986, 114). All this would change ulterior on as Mongol conquest is contemporarily declared as the dislodge of intellectual and scientific primacy of the Old World from Islamic societies to Western and easterly societies in Saunders(2001, 82).At its height, Karakorum became a busy metropolis served by soldiers, merchants, and craftspeople, to a greater extent of the latter imported from lands conquered by the Mongolian military in Morgan (1986, 114). The ancient city, with an area of 400 meters by 400 me ters, was protected from attackers by a fortified wall, and near each of the walls iv gates, four giant granite turtle sculpts were installed to protect the city from a potentially more dangerous threat stopic floods from the Orhon River in Morgan (1986115).Karakorum in the 13th century then became home to more than ten thousand people, including Khans family, noblemen, ministers, military leadership, craftsmen, traders, clergy, and foreign guests, in addition to nomads inhabiting the compounds in Morgan (1986, 114). The huge size of the city was ideal for the citys diverse religions where twelve matinee idol temples of different nations, two mosques in which is cried the and one church of Christians could be found within its walls(Kwantes, 59).In addition, a diverse population also populate the walls with resident Chinese, Alans, Ruthenians, Georgians, Hermenians and other non-Mongol peoples inside as provided in Saunders (2001, 19). Karakorum became a server to a stream of foreign emissaries and traders like Marco Polo and perhaps Ibn Battuta among others. Delegations as far away as India, Arabia, Armenia and Rome, as well as merchants from China, Persia, and other countries along the Silk Route were welcome to the Great Khans established city. townsfolk life must have prospered a lot during Genghis reign as archaeological evidence supports how their existence was centered on metallurgy powered by the currents of the Orkhon River. Other findings include arrowheads iron cauldrons wheel bushings evidence of ceramic tiles and sculpture production (Brittanica, 2005). Glass beads production and yarn spindles were also observable along with also Chinese silk and coins that could support the trading activity in the area (Brittanica, 2005).Recent excavations of the city ruins have indicated that the royal palace was believably burned down at the time of the Min invasion, but it is not clear how completely the city was demolished (McCannon, 144). Although th ere is no have-to doe with of Karakorum in known historical records of the following 87 years, it is quite come-at-able that the city was never fully abandoned according to McCannon (2006, 144). Indeed the city is the cradle of many Central Asian civilizations with its advanced agriculture and crafts that were extremely developed while trade flourished.Despite European claims that the Tartars (as how Europe called the Mongols) were highly uncivilized and unsophisticated records would show that Karakorum was once an intellectual community. They honor and reward diverse cultures and religion which has been carried through centuries of repression until 1990s when Mongolians were soon free to practice session any religion of choice. Illiteracy has also been eliminated in this modern period as a legacy from its great leaders.Today the Mongols and their great leaders are remembered as valiant heroes who conquered vast lands against all odds to shape up a mighty empire or as ruthless conquerors that destroyed everything in their path. Genghis set a certain set of organization, discipline, equipment and mentality to flake for and with his men with a vast army organized into a quantitative system, with a commander for every series of 10 units elected by the troops in Morgan (1986, 115).Military tactics were rehearsed well in conceptualization and each warrior was expected to know precisely what to do from the signals of the commanders, which took form in flaming arrows, drums, and banners (Morgan, 116). With extreme discipline they combined skill, discipline, and tactics without Western mental disturbance or teaching, learning such divisive techniques on their own. Sometime when the western knights fought with the Mongol horsemen during an invasion, the Europeans were utterly destroyed as the Mongols employed a immense array of tricks that contradicts claims of their uneducated and barbaric status.Nevertheless, the sheer extent of their conquests revealed ho w an ailing nation ravaged by poverty and conflict once united under a single cause could reach great heights of power and achievement. Division and greed for power disunited them into utter failure which serves as a lesson for the next generations. I therefore consider the Mongols as the profound players in history because their conquests surpass what any other country has done. whole works CitedKwantes, Anne. She Has Done a Beautiful Thing for Me Portraits of Christian Women in Asia PhilAm books, 2005.Haw, Stephen. Marco Polo in China A Venetian in the Realm of Khubilal Khan. Routledge, 2006.McCannon, John. Barrons How to make up for the AP World. Barrons Educational Series, 2006.Findley, Carter Vaughn. The Turks in World History. United States Oxford Press, 2005.Britannica. Karakorum. 2005.http//www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044690/KarakorumAccessed 08 May, 2007.Morgan, David. The Mongols. Blackwell Publishing, 1986.Saunders, John Joseph. The History of the Mongol Conquests. B lackwell Publishing, 2001.