Maintaining Natural Ecosystem Essay Example for Free

Maintaining intrinsic Ecosystem EssayThe ecosystem is composed of all living (biotic) organisms functioning together with the non-living (abiotic) organisms in the environs. Ecosystem is very important in the lives of the man beings because it provides the needs of the people. Biodiversity in the ecosystem holds distinct advantages so that the ecosystem will function properly. Biodiversity increases the resilience in ecosystem, thus it is important that the ecosystem is being well taken cared of. Nowadays, through the abundant culture in the field of science and technology, the security system and maintenance of our ecosystem took a backseat. The consequences of national development are reflected in the current state of the artificial satellites ecosystem. Most of the countries nonplus a rather bigger emphasis on the development of their economy and technology while dislodging the grandness of keeping the ecosystem stable. Human actions are the most implicit in(p) part i n studying the changes in the ecosystem. The actions and development hastened by human beings are the critical factors that shoot contributed to the adverse changes and degradation of the planets environment.Thus, if this issue is not address properly, the risks of environmental destruction shall increase at the most alarming stage. This brings into light the importance of gaining the knowledge on how to conserve and preserve our environment. There is no privilege on who should gain awareness and responsibility in maintaining the natural ecosystem stable. preservation and preservation of the ecosystem, though both are equally important, are cardinal different agendas. Conservation entails sustainable use and management of natural resources (Conservation and Preservation 2000).On the other hand, preservation of the ecosystem is an attempt to maintain untouched environmental resources of the planet in its current condition (Conservation and Preservation 2000). Both processes are i mportant in order to protect the ecosystem from further human destruction. Though these two differ in the objectives, both are aimed at keeping the ecosystem stable and functioning. Conservation of the Ecosystem There are different ways of conserving the natural resources in our ecosystem.Natural resources are either renewable or non renewable, as such, conservationists campaign for several methods on how to help conserve the environment. Forest reserves like trees are renewable resources. These can be conserved by making sure that trees are not totally consumed before they can be replaced (Conservation and Preservation 2000). As such, environmentalist groups conduct green projects which are aimed towards reforestation. On the other hand, the conservation of non-renewable resources are also equally important. Non-renewable resources include the environments fossil reserves.Fossil fuels are distinctively important in the economy, and thus, people must learn how to conserve it in such a manner that the future generations will still pull in bountiful resources left to serve their needs. In addition, forests and natural habitats should also be conserved. Biodiversity is dependent on natural habitats like rain forests. Such habitats provide the world with fodder and wood stocks that are important to world consumption (Conservation and Preservation 2000). And as such, conservation of these resources is very delicate to the progress of humankind.In this light, there put up been agreements signed in order to condition the conservation of the ecosystem. These agreements across different countries are expected to come up with development planning, which shall minimize the utilization of resources from the environment without a distinct strategy on how to replenish the resources. Forests and natural habitats are being restored in order to create an avenue for the continuation of biodiversity. As such, species in the ecosystem are also given ample protection for ille gal hunting and consumption to ensure genetic diversity.And most importantly, people must learn the how to utilize sustainable use in any forms of natural resources present (Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 1985). Preservation of the Ecosystem The massive technological development and expansion of industries in the world have caused the planets natural ecosystem to shrink and diminish. Industrial expansion has driven away natural habitats and natural landforms which over time have been developed to cater the needs of capitalist expansion and development.Lands were being developed to become industrial sites, tourist spots, sites for housing projects and other human development programs (Conservation and Preservation 2000) Thus, in order to commit towards the preservation of the ecosystem, interagency environmental management initiatives are being done to assure this goal. In line with this, state governments have agreed to provide protection under the la w in order to ensure that natural habitats and landscapes are being protected from land conversion projects.To ensure this, natural habitats and important ecological sites within a country are being mapped, including land formations and water systems. These areas are being given strong protection and are maintained by government agencies that are entrusted to provide protection and maintenance programs in environmental sites. Values of Maintaining Ecosystems The planets ecosystem is one of the most important bequest given to the human race. The economic growth of every country relies on the abundance of the natural resources endowed within their territory.Every person existing in the world owes his or her development and the privileges he or she receives to the gifts provided to the people through the rich natural resources we have. Thus, every means of protecting, preserving and conserving it should be given ample importance and priority.ReferencesAgreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. (1985). Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Retrieved July 24, 2008, from http//www. aseansec. org/1490. htm Conservation and Preservation. (2000). Encyclopedia of the Atmospheric Environment. Retrieved July 24, 2008, from

Fourth Quarter English Interpretive Paper Essay Example for Free

Fourth Quarter English Interpretive Paper EssayA Man for all Seasons, by Robert stiff illustrates the adult life of Sir Thomas More. In this play, the green Man portrays man and his vices and sins showing the ordinary man of every age, class, culture, and society. Bolt uses the Common Man in the pieces of the keeper, boatman, and roll in the hay to show how man can easily sin. Common Man exhibits mans immorality through the roles of the steward, boatman, and jailor, in A Man for All Seasons. Christian virtues are lacking in the Common Mans role of the steward. The Common Mans character, the steward, disrespects Rich by the snubbing manner of which he speaks to Rich. Likewise, when he spies on Thomas More he is being disloyal and thieving(prenominal). (pp. 40-42) Furthermore, the steward exhibits greediness by spying on More for Richard Rich, Thomas Cromwell, and signor Chapuy in exchange for money. (pp.40-42) In addition, p torment is conveyed towards Rich by the steward when he behaves as if he superior over Rich. (pp.104-105) Vices are seen in the stewards behavior.The Common Man in the role of the boatman demonstrates a lack of morality. The boatman displays dishonesty when he tries to overcharge Thomas for his boat ride home. (p. 25) Likewise, he is being greedy as he wants more money than he should receive for giving Thomas a ride home. (p. 25) Moreover, his disobeyed the law by ignoring the fixed boat fares. (p. 25) The boatmans actions are sinful.Lack of morals can be observed in the Common Man in the role of the Jailer. The vice of greed is seen by the Jailor when he is willing to accept fifty guineas from Cromwell in exchange for information about Thomas More. (p. 135) Likewise, the jailor is dishonest when he is willing to take anything that Thomas says and tell it to Cromwell to use as evidence against Thomas More in court. (pp. 135-136) Lack of charity is exhibited by the jailor when he does not allow Thomass family to visit Thomas at th e jail. (pp. 145-146) The Common Man, as the jailor, displays vices.The role of the steward, boatman, and jailor played by the Common Man reveal the lack of mans morals in A Man for All Seasons. Disrespect, dishonesty, greed, pride, lack of charity, and disobedience are witnessed in the words and actions of the three characters. The vices spiel the basic character of the Common Man who is every person in every age, class, race, and society. Bolts play, A Man for All Seasons instructs one to head off sin and protect his morals and Christian faith. 1 . Robert Bolt, The Man for All Seasons(New York, NY Vintage International, 1990),pp. 4-5. All subsequent references will be noted in the text.

Young Children Exercise And Obesity Health And Social Care Essay

Young Children Exercise And Obesity Health And Social Care EssayAbove given is a case subscribe to of on modus vivendi wellness intervention. It is main case get a line for the following essay. The essay can be a It shall be a deprecative summary of interventions design, delivery and those evaluation methodologies, which were being utilized for information gathering or desired outcome measuring the specified study. for this study. A critical discussion (in the light of relevant theories) of activities during developmental phase to evaluation phase of a health intervention shall be the topic of this essay move this run along above the previous line..For discussion, the essay is being divided into three parts. Part one highlights introduction and rationale for the choice of study. The second part explores and critically learn the key features of the interventions methodology, design, and delivery by comparing it with other comparators and relevant literature. Final part c everyp laces evaluation methodologies employed to measure the desired outcomes of intervention, includes data collection for measuring outcome, process and fidelity of implementation.Sedentary behaviour is an unhealthy lifestyle. Spending more time in front of computer, TV viewing, video games playing, withal not participating in outdoor activities (playing games), inactive parents who also do not support or help their infantren to be active, bad weather, and lack of meager health study in schools and communities are not only helping factors for enhancing this sedentary behaviour but the blame also goes to those cultural environments which promote animal(prenominal) inactivity and excessive eating. Because of this unhealthy lifestyle fleshiness is growing rapidly in UK. Childhood obesity is dangerous because it tracks into adulthood. In boys and girls aged 2-10 years, obesity increase from 10% in 1995 to 17% in 2005 further 16% boys and 12% girls are overweight (HSE, 2005). Data fro m National Child Measurement Programme showing that in England 13% children of aged 4-5 and 14.3% children of aged 10-11 are overweight further 9.6% children of aged 4-5 years and 18.3% children of aged 10-11 are weighty. It is very clear that unhealthy lifestyle plays an important role in the development and maintenance for obesity (NCMP/2008).Improving lifestyles is thought to be one of the most effective means of reducing death rate and morbidity in the developed world. However, despite decades of health promotion, at that place has been no significant difference to lifestyles and instead there are rising levels of inactivity and obesity (Kathryn Thirlaway, 2008). In UK even majority of adults 37% of men and 25% of women are meeting the government target of at least thirty/30 minutes of intense physiological activity for five/5 days per week but still there is a considerable public health preventative due to physically inactive deal. Every year more than 356,000 people ar e dying due to different cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Physical inactivity is not only responsible for this death toll but is one of major cause (Steven Allender et al, 2006). According to chief medical statement physically active people can reduce up to 50% risk of having any major disease homogeneous cancer and cardiovascular diseases but they can also conserve their lives up to 20% to 30% (D.O.H, 2004). Unhealthy lifestyle has become a public health problem because of its association with major diseases. This is the reason for promoting healthy lifestyle different governments in United Kingdom have been introducing different interventions. In policy forms and in different schools and community based settings. Healthy weight, healthy life, child measurement programme, change 4 life, and in past LEAP project (Local Exercise Action Pilots), changes in schools curriculum for making physical activities and health education compulsory, providing healthy meals in schools and th e most recent policy over salt usage are some of the great examples.To tackle above mentioned catastrophe there is an acute need of intervention. According to government policy for health promotion, an evidence based strategy for promoting healthy lifestyles is underpinning with national and local health improvement policies. any intervention that can help in preventing obesity should be given high value. Because it is well known, in the absence of any intervention 50% of obese children will become obese adults (National audit office London, 2001).By following the health promotion principle of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health (W.H.O 2005), many theories explain health behaviour and a change in health behaviour. Health Belief computer simulation (HBM), Theory of Reasoned action, social learning and Transtheoretical (stages of change) Model, theory of health education are the examples. All of them are underp inning the practise of health promotion. Understanding of these theories is very infixed while evolution or designing health behaviour change intervention as the theory is logical place to begin (John kemm et al.) and theories provide bases for study design. National Institute of Health also argues that a theory is a systematic way of cause events or situation and needs to be applicable to broad verity of situation, (NIH, 2005). This mean theories provide bases and a structure of knowledge can be built upon. For example theory of health impression exemplification by focusing on individuals perceptions of benefits and threats to his/her health further explains that a persons attitude is determined by his/her knowledge and on that bases he/she acts. This means that, when person gain knowledge about something that influence the attitude and on that basis a change (step wise) in his/her actions occur. Therefore, theoretical understanding of change while developing intervention is also very important. For example, for this study ( semblance) the concept of enhancing physical activity was being derived by the theory of health belief mannequin (HBM) and by adopting health education model approach, an attempt of behaviour change among school children was being made. The MAGIC example is reflecting that for the study the theory of health belief provided a base and on that a health education model was being built. Basically, by following health promotion principal the MAGIC programme was being designed to promote healthy lifestyle with the help of health education.Using scientific re search as a base for developing sound practices in public health is called evidence based approach, which integrates research and practice (Liz Trinder et al. 2000). Was there any need for developing an intervention to improve physical activity among young children? Is MAGIC program evidence based? These questions can be answered by evaluating an intervention at developmental stage. For example, a literature search (systematic brush up and meta-analysis) for gathering the relevant evidences had been conducted for MAGIC programme. For the purpose researchers had set an inclusion and exclusion criterion for similar case studies to conduct a systematic review and that is systematic way of evidence finding. It was very important to search for those evidences which would help them in not repeating those mistakes while developing a design which had been cause failure previously. Therefore, it was very important to know what had been done so for. What kind of methods and designs had been used or what was already known about similar interventions and what needed to be done more or different. So the evidence based strategy can be adopted from different perspectives, of a researchers like creating hypothesis and design building which further maximise the strength of design and can even helpful in programme delivery. A logical model can be built on the bases of evidence s which further can forecast the outcome of an intervention.

Is Light a Wave or a Particle?

Is sprightly a Wave or a Particle?Is illuminate a tramp or a collection of mites?The answer is both, Light can be modelled as an electromagnetic expand or a stream of photonsLight is an electromagnetic wave as it travels through a vacuum of outer space to transfer its free energy from one location to another. ( The physics classroom, 1996-2014)Electromagnetic waves argon created by the chill of an electric charge. This vibration creates a wave which has both an electric and a magnetic component. An electromagnetic wave transports its energy through a vacuum at a speed of 3.00 x 108 m/s (a speed value commonly represented by the symbol c).The Wave system of was originally create by HuygensHis system said that flow travelled through space by travelling through a specialty known as the ether, a mystical weightless substance, which exists as an invisible entity throughout air and space. Huygens believed that ether vibrated in the same direction as blank, and formed a wave it self as it carried the light waves. Huygens Principle described how each point on a wave could produce its own wavelets, which then added together to form a wavefront.Light also displays certain properties of waves such as reflection, refraction and diffraction. These occur when a wave reaches the end of the medium.Reflection is when the light bounces off an obstructor. The most common suit is the reflection of light waves off mirrored surface results in the formation of an image. Another characteristic of wave reflection is that the pitch at which the wave approaches a flat reflecting surface is equal to the angle at which the wave leaves the surface. Reflection is observed in water and sound waves and is also observed in light. (The physics classroom, 1996-2014)Refraction is when a wave passes from one medium to another medium. When the wave crosses the boundary between the two mediums the direction of the wave changes and the path of the wave is essentially bent. The directio n of the bend depends on the speed at which the wave is moving through the mediums, if it is moving from a fast medium to a slow medium it will bend one way and going from a slow medium to a fast medium it will bend the opposite way. The angle of the bend will depend on the actual speeds of the two mediums. (The physics classroom, 1996-2014) Refraction occurs in sound and water waves. It can be seen in light in the refraction of light through a glass or a mirage is an optical illusion pay backd when light waves moving from the sky toward the ground ar bent by the heated airDiffraction involves a change in direction of waves as they pass through an opening or close to an obstacle in their path. Water and sound waves afford the ability to travel well-nigh corners, around obstacles and through openings.When light encounters an obstacle in its path, the obstacle blocks the light and tends to cause the formation of a shadow in the region behind the obstacle. Light does not exhibit a very noticeable ability to bend around the obstacle and fill in the region behind it with light. Nonetheless, light does diffract around obstacles. In fact, if you observe a shadow carefully, you will notice that its edges are extremely fuzzy. Interference effects occur ascribable to the diffraction of light around incompatible sides of the object, causing the shadow of the object to be fuzzy. This is often demonstrated with a laser light and penny demonstration. Light diffracting around the right edge of a penny can constructively and destructively interfere with light diffracting around the left edge of the penny. The result is that an interference pattern is created the pattern consists of alternating rings of light and darkness. As can be seen in this photo.How can we study if light is a wave?An experiment called the double slit experiment was designed by the scientist Thomas Young. It required a light source, a minute card with two holes cut side by side and a screen.To ru n the experiment, Young allowed a beam of light to pass through a pinhole and strike the card. If light contained particles or simple straight- credit line rays, he reasoned, light not blocked by the opaque card would pass through the slits and travel in a straight line to the screen, where it would form two bright spots. This isnt what Young observed. Instead, he saw a bar code pattern of alternating light and dark bands on the screen. To explain this unexpected pattern, he imagined light traveling through space like a water wave, with crests and troughs. Thinking this way, he cerebrate that light waves traveled through each of the slits, creating two separate wave fronts. As these wave fronts arrived at the screen, they interfered with each other. Bright bands formed where two wave crests overlapped and added together. Dark bands formed where crests and troughs lined up and canceled each other out completely. This proves the theory that light is a wave.The particle theory of ligh tThis theory was highly-developed by Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Eistein and said that the energy emitted by light travelled as small minimum quantities or packets of electromagnetic energy called photonsAccording to the photon theory of light, photons . . .move at a perpetual velocity,c= 3 x 108m/s (i.e. the speed of light), in free spacehave zero mass hightail it energy and momentum, and The energy of each photon is directly proportional to the frequency of the shaft of light.can be destroyed/created when radiation is absorbed/emitted.can have particle-like interactions (i.e. collisions) with electrons and other particles.(Jones, 2014)The photoelectrical effect supports the particle theory of lightThe photoelectric effect is the phenomena where a metal releases electrons when exposed to light or electromagnetic radiation of a exceptional frequency. These emitted electrons are called photoelectrons.So basically this is how it worksEvery metal has a threshold frequency this is th e minimum frequency of light or electromagnetic radiation that will causes the release of electron from the surface of a metal. This is because this frequency will supply the minimum amount of energy needed to overcome the force of draw between the metal and the electron this is known as the work function of the metalWhat happens is when a light photon with energy equal to hf (h being planks constant and f being greater than or equal to the threshold frequency) strikes a metal surface all the energy of the photon is transferred to the electron. (Louw, 2014)Another way to prove the particle theory is the Atomic SpectraEmission spectra are produced when light from a light source such as a filament or a artillery void tube is observed through a diffraction grating or a prismContinous spectra are produced when light from a glowing solid stir material such as a filament passes through a triangular prism.This is because Energy transitions take place this means that in an atom electron s have particular(prenominal) energy levels as you can seeAn electron is aflame to an unstable higher energy level and then falls back to a lower level. Photons with a specific energy and frequency are emitted.In such dense substances, the atoms are so close together that umteen different transitions of electrons can take place and light photons of any wave length can be radiated. This results in the different colours being emitted.The production of the line emission spectraA glowing gas is obtained by heating it or passing an electric current through itThe glowing gas in the discharge tube is then observed through a diffraction grating ( a diffraction creating is a transparent plate on which parallel lines are ruled very closely 600 per mmThe electrons in an atom have only specific energy levelsWhen an atom is in a gaseous state, electrons can be excited to a higher energy level through heat or electricityThe electrons absorb a discrete amount of energy for a specific jump for e xample between energy level 3 and 1The excited state is unstable so the electron falls back about immediately to a lower level and emits light energy in the form of photonsThe energy of an emitted photon equals the energy difference between the higher and lower energy levels. The energy is emitted as light with a definite frequency and specific colour. Each element will produce a different line spectra due to the differing energy levelsAtomic spectras that are observed can only be explained if light was a stream of particles.It can therefore be stated that light as dual particle-wave naturePictures(Richard Anderson, 2011) (Top ten thailand , 2014) (Abovetopsecret, 2014) (Atal, 2011) (Britannica, 2014) (HowStuffWorks, 2014) (xsgeo, 1999) (Mastin, 2009) (Greenfield, 2002) (Paley, 2010) (Norton, 2013) (Anon., n.d.) (University of Nebraska Lincoln, 2014)BibliographyThe physics classroom, 1996-2014. Propagation of an Electromagnetic Wave. Online lendable at http//www.physicsclassroom.c om/mmedia/waves/em.cfm Accessed 24 folk 2014.Abovetopsecret, 2014. Scalar waves. Online Available at http//www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread986938/pg4 Accessed 24 September 2014.Anon., n.d. Tumbler. Online Available at http//onemeonelife.tumblr.com/ Accessed 1 October 2014.Atal, A., 2011. DavissonGermer Experiment. Online Available at http//sciencesummit.wordpress.com/2011/05/12/davissongermer-experiment/ Accessed 24 September 2014.Britannica, 2014. Desert Mirage. Online Available at http//kids.britannica.com/ easy/art-89417/A-mirage-in-the-desert-of-Namibia-leads-people-to Accessed 24 September 2014.Greenfield, D., 2002. Optical networking fundamentals of light. Online Available at http//www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=27658 Accessed 1 October 2014.HowStuffWorks, 2014. How light works. Online Available at http//science.howstuffworks.com/light3.htm Accessed 24 September 2014.Jones, A. Z., 2014. What is a photon?. Online Available at http//physics.about.com/od/lightoptics /f/photon.htm Accessed 1 October 2014.Louw, R., 2014. Physical Sciences, the Answer Series. 1st ed. Cape Town The Answer.Mastin, L., 2009. QUANTA AND WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY. Online Available at http//www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_quantum_quanta.html Accessed 1 October 2014.nightlase, 2014. Theory of Light. Online Available at http//www.nightlase.com.au/education/optics/light.htm Accessed 24 September 2014.Norton, J. D., 2013. Origins of Quantum Theory. Online Available at http//www.pitt.edu/jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/quantum_theory_origins/ Accessed 1 October 2014.Paley, N., 2010. Czech myself before I wreck myself. Online Available at http//blog.ninapaley.com/category/ philosophy/ Accessed 1 October 2014.Richard Anderson, 2011. Santilli IsoRedShift. Online Available at http//www.workshops-hadronic-mechanics.org/isoshifts.html Accessed 24 September 2014.school physics, 2013. Theories of light. Online Available at http//www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Wave properties/ Wave properties/text/Theories_of_light/index.html Accessed 24 September 2014.The physics classroom, 1996-2014. uneven Behaviors of Light. Online Available at http//www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Wavelike-Behaviors-of-Light Accessed 24 September 2014.Top ten thailand , 2014. 10 Crazy Facts About Mirrors. Online Available at http//www.toptenthailand.com/topten/detail/20140103122902277 Accessed 24 September 2014.University of Nebraska Lincoln, 2014. Spectral Classification of Stars. Online Available at http//astro.unl.edu/naap/hr/hr_background1.html Accessed 1 October 2014.xsgeo, 1999. WHAT MAKES A WIGGLE ?. Online Available at http//www.xsgeo.com/course/wiggle.htm Accessed 25 September 2014.Utilitarian Consequentialist Perspective Ethics of CloningUtilitarian Consequentialist Perspective Ethics of CloningThe emergence of a cloned ewe called Dolly in 1997 was a shock to the faultless globe. Since an animal had been successfully cloned, it was only natural for scientist s to try to replicate kind beings. In 2001, a U.S. Company that deals with Advanced Cell Technology announced their start-off attempt towards making a human clone. Even though the experiment failed, the developments in biotechnology sparked a lot of interests regarding the morality and ethics of human re-create. This essay explores the bioethical issue of human cloning and how it challenges the absolute worth of the life of a human being from a utilitarian consequentialist perspective.Utilitarianism is a prominent ethical theory that assesses the rightness or wrongness of actions or ideas based on their implications for the mass population. Utilitarians view morality as an opportunity to make life better or to increase the good things on the planet by reducing the bad aspects. They think that what makes ideas and actions justified is their positive contri bution to the human race. A person or entity is thus forced to develop calculations that will balance things out to generat e the most happiness. Additionally, consequentialism allows morality to generate all forms of overall consequences (Vaughn, 2015).In the issue of human cloning, a utilitarian viewpoint would argue that it is essential to weigh the pleasure and pain that the idea or action will produce. Cloning entails the procedure of getting transmissible material from one living organism to formulate an identical copy of it artificially. The outward appearance of the clone and organism will appear similar, but they will both have different personalities and attitudes. Human cloning possesses benefits such as the creation of additional living organisms that people need, regenerating an extinct species, providing unfertilized couples with children, compensating for the loss of a child, elimination of the birth defects, tissue and organ harvesting, amongst others (Vaughn, 2015).According to Vaughn (2015), the adverse implications of human cloning include the possibility of using the clones as slav es, experimentations on human beings, the lack of individuality of a clone, uncertain future outcomes regarding the health of the clone, aggressive genetic illnesses, social divide, etc. Human cloning is considered morally wrong by everyone who comes into contact with the potential dangers of the process. A significant portion of the clones dies after or before they are formed. They also obtain different malformations and abnormalities. Up to now, not even animal clones have successfully been created. It is thus disheartening to even contemplate a human child arising from a similar process.However, human cloning from a utilitarian consequentialist perspective is set to benefit many people on earth. From the standpoint, it is viewed as morally justified. Genetically altering the chromosomal composition of a person so that he or she can be free from defects would be ethically right. However, the uncertainty that arises from cloning makes it difficult to develop a brief analysis of th e positive implications of the process. For example, the clone ewe, Dolly, was a remarkable creature who broke the boundaries of human thinking to usher in the prospects of human cloning. However, a few old age later, Dolly exhibited signs of premature aging as well as genetic diseases (Vaughn, 2015).It is thus not right for scientists to be provided with the go ahead to dive into genetic engineering due to the uncertain outcomes of human cloning. At this early stage, a utilitarian consequentialist perspective of the bioethical issue is a bit hazy because it appears as if many individuals will not benefit from the scientific procedure. But there is also the aspect of a few mistakes saving millions of lives and ensuring the survival of the human race oddly at a time when the environment is in danger, and they are numerous incurable illnesses. Fortunately, with the introduction of computer simulations, it will be easier to examine the positive implications of human cloning to the ge neral population since they will be no urgency to conduct human and animal experiments.ReferenceVaughn, L. (2015). Doing ethics Moral reasoning and contemporary issues. WW Norton Company.

Packet-Hiding Method for Preventing Selective Jamming Attack

Packet-Hiding Method for Preventing Selective pack AttackAbstract The open nature of the wireless medium leaves it vulnerable to intentional interference attacks, typically referred to as press. This intentional interference with wireless transmissions can be used as a launchpad for mounting Denial-of-Service attacks on wireless networks. Typically, jamming has been addressed chthonic an external threat model. However, adversaries with internal intimacy of protocol specifications and network secludeds can launch low-effort jamming attacks that are difficult to detect and counter. In this work, we address the bother of discriminating jamming attacks in wireless networks. In these attacks, the foe is active only for a short period of time, selectively laying messages of high importance. We illustrate the advantages of selective jamming in terms of network performance degradation and adversary effort by presenting two case studies a selective attack on TCP and one and only(a) on routing.We show that selective jamming attacks can be launched by performing real-time parcel of land classification at the corporal layer. To mitigate these attacks, we develop three schemes that prevent real-time software program classification by combining cryptographic primitives with physical-layer attributes. We analyze the security of our methods and evaluate their computational and communicating overhead.Algorithm1. Symmetric encryption algorithm2. Brute force attacks against block encryption algorithmsAlgorithm DescriptionWe propose a solution based on All-Or- Nothing Transformations (AONT) that introduces a modest communication and computation overhead. Such transformations were originally proposed by Rivest to slow down brute force attacks against block encryption algorithms . An AONT serves as a publicly known and completely invertible pre-processing step to a plaintext before it is passed to an ordinary block encryption algorithm.ArchitectureExisting System Jammin g attacks are much harder to counter and more security problems. They have been shown to actualize severe Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks against wireless networks. In the simplest form of jamming, the adversary interferes with the reception of messages by communicate a continuous jamming signal , or several short jamming pulses jamming attacks have been considered under an external threat model, in which the jammer is non part of the network. Under this model, jamming strategies include the continuous or random transmission of highpower interference signalsProposed System In this paper, we address the problem of jamming under an internal threat model. We consider a sophisticated adversary who is aware of network secrets and the implementation details of network protocols at any layer in the network stack. The adversary exploits his internal knowledge for launching selective jamming attacks in which specific messages of high importance are targeted. For example, a jammer can targ et route-request/route-reply messages at the routing layer to prevent route discovery, or target TCP acknowledgments in a TCP session to severely degrade the throughput of an end-to-end inclineTo launch selective jamming attacks, the adversary mustiness be capable of implementing a classify-then-jam strategy before the completion of a wireless transmission. Such strategy can be actualized either by classifying transmitted packets using protocol semantics, or by decodingpackets on the fly. In the latter method, the jammer may decipher the first few bits of a packet for recovering useful packet identifiers such as packet type, source and destination address. After classification, the adversary must induce a sufficient number of bit errors so that the packet cannot be recovered at the flummoxr 34. Selective jamming requires an intimate knowledge of the physical (PHY) layer, as well as of the specifics of upper layersModules-1. Network module2. Real Time Packet Classification 3. Sel ective Jamming Module 4. vigorous Hiding cargo Scheme (SHCS)5. Cryptographic Puzzle Hiding Scheme (CPHS)Module DescriptionsNetwork module-We address the problem of preventing the jamming node from classifying m in real time, thus mitigating Js ability to perform selective jamming.The network consists of a collection of nodes connected via wireless links. Nodes may communicate directly if they are inside communication range, or indirectly via multiple hops. Nodes communicate both in unicast mode and course of study mode. Communications can be either unencrypted or encrypted. For encrypted broadcast communications, symmetric keys are shared among all intended receivers. These keys are established using preshared pairwise keys or asymmetric cryptography.Real Time Packet Classification go steady the generic communication system depicted in Fig. At the PHY layer, a packet m is encoded, interleaved, and modulated before it is transmitted over the wireless channel. At the receiver, the signal is demodulated, deinterleaved, and decoded, to recover the original packet m.Moreover, even if the encryption key of a hiding scheme were to remain secret, the static portions of a transmitted packet could potentially lead to packet classification. This is because for computationally-efficient encryption methods such as block encryption, the encryption of a prefix plaintext with the same key yields a static ciphertext prefix. Hence, an adversary who is aware of the underlying protocol specifics (structure of the frame) can use the static ciphertext portions of a transmitted packet to classify it.3. Selective Jamming ModuleWe illustrate the electric shock of selective jamming attacks on the network performance. implement selective jamming attacks in two multi-hop wireless network scenarios. In the first scenario, the attacker targeted a TCP connection established over a multi-hop wireless route. In the second scenario, the jammer targeted network-layer control messages transm itted during the route establishment processselective jamming would be the encryption of transmitted packets (including headers) with a static key. However, for broadcast communications, this static decryption key must be known to all intended receivers and hence, is supersensitized to compromise. An adversary in possession of the decryption key can start decrypting as early as the reception of the first ciphertext block.4. Strong Hiding Commitment Scheme (SHCS)We propose a strong hiding commitment scheme (SHCS), which is based on symmetric cryptography. Our main motivation is to satisfy the strong hiding property while keeping the computation and communication overhead to a minimum.The computation overhead of SHCS is one symmetric encryption at the sender and one symmetric decryption at the receiver. Because the headerinformation is permuted as a trailer and encrypted, all receivers in the vicinity of a sender must receive the entire packet and decrypt it, before the packet type a nd destination can be determined. However, in wireless protocols such as 802.11, the complete packet is received at the MAC layer before it is decided if the packet must be discarded or be further processed . If just about parts of the MAC header are deemed not to be useful information to the jammer, they can remain unencrypted in the header of the packet, thus avoiding the decryption mathematical process at the receiver.5. Cryptographic Puzzle Hiding Scheme (CPHS)we present a packet hiding scheme based on cryptographic puzzles. The main subject behind such puzzles is to force the recipient of a puzzle execute a pre-defined set of computations before he is able to extract a secret of interest. The time required for obtaining the solution of a puzzle depends on its hardness and the computational ability of the solver. The advantage of the puzzlebased scheme is that its security does not rely on the PHY layer parameters. However, it has higher computation and communication overhead We consider several puzzle schemes as the basis for CPHS. For each scheme, we analyze the implementation details which have-to doe with security and performance. Cryptographic puzzles are primitives originally suggested by Merkle as a method for establishing a secret over an insecure channel. They find a huge range of applications from preventing DoS attacks to providing broadcast authentication and key escrow schemesSystem RequirementsHardware RequirementsSystem Pentium IV 2.4 GHz.Hard Disk 40 GB.Floppy Drive 1.44 Mb. observe 15 VGA Colour.Mouse Logitech.Ram 256 Mb.Software RequirementsOperating system - Windows XP ProfessionalFront End - JAVA, Swing(JFC),RMITool Eclipse 3.3

Energy and the Environment :: Environmental Pollution Science

Energy and the EnvironmentAs I read books and magazines to prepare for this essay, I have become much more familiar with talent and the environment. I was always aware of my surroundings, but studying the issues further has whollyowed me to see how my life is involved with this area and how it actually impacts it. I think it was first made class to me when I looked at the actual energy processes that take place every single moment of every day, and how very little disturbances can change environmental processes substantially.I never really understood the fact that certain environmental, and human, processes can actually convert energy into many different forms in certain situations. And also, all of the types of energy can be converted in an infinite amount of ways. An example of this is how mechanical or electrical energy is, for instance, produced by many kinds of devices, including fuel-burning warmheartedness engines, generators, batteries, fuel cells, and magnetohydrodynamic systems (Encyclopedia Britannica). In this example, fuel burning heat engines are used to produce mechanical energy, but in the process chemical energy is glum into thermal energy which is then converted into mechanical energy. As you can see, this is just one of countless processes that convert energy many different times. other way I started to look at these topics was from an economists point of view. I started to think more around how we may deplete certain resources and how certain alternatives are dower to aid with this problem. Another area is the distribution of resources and the certain decisions that must be made when deciding what and how much to use. An example of this is the fact that schools spend more on energy than on computers and textbooks combined (www.ase.org). If scientists could develop new methods of energy conversion, maybe schools and other areas of interest can decrease their spending on resources and ultimately energy usage.All-in-all, I think that the biggest topic of interest involved with energy and the environment is how much we actually consume (resources, energy, etc.) and how we can try to decrease this figure. To think about how much energy we actually use, and how this number has increased, consider the fact that in the past 54 years we have increased our energy usage from 29 quadrillion Btus to about 84 quadrillion Btus (Annual Energy Review). This figure is constantly increasing, which is one of the biggest environmentally-related problems that we are faced with today.

Slave Power Conspiracy :: essays research papers

claim IX Reverse Discrimination Beginning some time shortly afterthe end of World War II, thither has been tremendous growth inwomens athletics. For decades female athletes have been strivingto become as equally respected as their male counterparts. After geezerhood of reaching for their goals, female athletes finally realized theirdreams in the form of Title IX. As stated by Jim Minter, former editorof the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Title IX is the federalgovernment telling colleges and universities that if X number ofathletic scholarships are given to males, then an equal number mustbe awarded to female students(AJC A14). Title IX, a UnitedStates federal law passed in 1972, was a milestone in the history ofthe womens rights movement. Female athletes could at last havethe equal opportunities that male athletes had always had. But thisis not the end of the story, nor does the story have a happy ending.There is a darker berth of Title IX, a side that discriminates againstmale a thletes. A good example of discrimination against maleathletes involves the sport of wrestling. Not solitary(prenominal) is wrestling theoldest sport known to man, it is also an American tradition. If the average out somebody in the South were asked to name his favoritewrestler, however, that person would probably blurt out the name ofsome phony professional wrestler. Why would this person be soignorant about the oldest sport known to man? The reason is thatTitle IX has virtually wiped out collegiate wrestling in the South.Starting back in the late l970s, SEC teachs began dropping theirwrestling programs to make room for more womens sports. Todaythere are only five or six colleges in the South that still havewrestling programs. This lack of wrestling programs in the Southhas significantly decreased the opportunities for ex-high schoolwrestlers, like me, to continue their sport in college. Wrestling ,however, is not the only mens sport affected by Title IX the boilers suitdiversit y of mens collegiate sports has also decreased. At theUniversity of Georgia, there are ten womens sports and only sevenmens sports ( football games A14). Although I am not a math major, thisratio seems anything but equal to me. Women are getting moreopportunities to compete in the sports that they racket than men are.Consequently, there are more scholarships available for women.For example, a good female volleyball player has a virtualcornucopia of college scholarships available at her discretion,whereas a great wrestler must look to colleges in the North to haveeven the slightest chance of attempting to walk-on a team.